1821
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1 January 1821 Portuguese troops in Belém, Brazil rebel and set up a liberal government.
8 January 1821 King Ferdinando reaches Laibach (Ljubljana) from Naples where he will meet with other rulers of Europe.
Kenilworth by Walter Scott is published by Constable & Co in Edinburgh.
15 January 1821 The publication of Fantaisie with Variations on Au Clair de la lune op.48 by Muzio Clementi (68) is entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
17 January 1821 The government of New Spain gives permission to settle in Texas to 300 US citizens, provided that they are Catholic and descended from Europeans.
18 January 1821 Aided by confederates inside the city, rebel forces close off the lagoon and surround the royalist garrison.
23 January 1821 The Nautilus sails from Hampton Roads, Virginia for Africa with 33 blacks intent on creating a colony for freed slaves in West Africa. The ship is owned by the American Colonization Society.
24 January 1821 The Cortes decides to create a liberal constitution for Portugal.
25 January 1821 Erlkönig, a song by Franz Schubert (23) to words of Goethe, is performed for the first time in a public hall, the Musikverein, Vienna.
26 January 1821 The Congress of Laibach (Ljubljana) opens. Present are Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia, Emperor Franz of Austria as well as special representatives of King Louis XVIII of France and King Friedrich Wilhelm III of Prussia. Great Britain is represented only by its ambassador to Vienna who will act as an observer. Also present are King Ferdinando of Naples and the Duke of Modena. Other Italian sovereigns have sent representatives. The subject is the peace of Europe, in particular, unrest in Italy.
This date marks the first recorded instance of a Schubertiad. 14 friends gather in the Vienna rooms of Franz von Schober. The drinking and merry-making go on until 03:00.
27 January 1821 Antonio Salieri (70) signs a second recommendation for Franz Schubert (23).
Lalla Rukh, a festspiel by Gaspare Spontini (46) to words of Spiker after Moore, is performed for the first time, in the Royal Palace, Berlin.
29 January 1821 Spanish generals at Asnapuqio, near Lima, depose Viceroy Joaquín de la Pezuela y Sánchez Muñoz de Velasco, marqués de Viluma, replacing him with General José de la Serna e Hinojosa.
1 February 1821 The publication of two Capriccios for piano op.47 by Muzio Clementi (69) is entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
Sagt, woher stammt Liebeslust, a lied for soprano, alto, female chorus and guitar by Carl Maria von Weber (34), is performed for the first time, as part of Der Kaufmann von Venedig, a play by Schlegel after Shakespeare, in the Dresden Hoftheater.
3 February 1821 Die Soldatenliebschaft, a singspiel by Felix Mendelssohn to words of Casper, is performed for the first time with orchestra, in a specially constructed theatre in the Mendelssohn home, Berlin. It is the composer’s twelfth birthday. See 11 December 1820.
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (10) dates the manuscript to his earliest known composition, a Polonaise in A flat.
Two days after Friedrich Kalkbrenner (35) is denied status of a subscriber, Muzio Clementi (69) resigns from the London Philharmonic Society. He calls their action a “flagrant insult.”
7 February 1821 Men from the American sealer Cecilia go ashore at Hughes Bay in Graham Land. Though ashore only for an hour, they are the first men in recorded history to set foot on the continent of Antarctica.
8 February 1821 Franz Schubert’s (24) song Sehnsucht D.636 to words of Schiller is performed for the first time, in the Musikverein, Vienna.
10 February 1821 Child of the Mountain, or The Deserted Mother, an opera by Anton Philipp Heinrich (39) to words of McMurtrie, is performed for the first time, in the Walnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia.
14 February 1821 Carl Loewe (24) becomes musical director for the City of Stettin (Szczecin). He will work in Stettin for the next 45 years.
16 February 1821 Publication of the Piano Concerto op.85 by Johann Nepomuk Hummel (42) is announced in the Wiener Zeitung.
23 February 1821 In a small room above the Spanish Steps in Rome, John Keats dies of tuberculosis at the age of 25. His tombstone will read: Here lies One Whose Name was writ in Water.
24 February 1821 Matilde Shabran ossia Bellezza, e cuor di ferro, a melodramma giocoso by Gioachino Rossini (28) to words of Ferretti after Hoffmann and Boutet de Monvel, is performed for the first time, in Teatro Apollo, Rome, conducted by Nicolò Paganini (38). The work encounters a mixed reception.
In Iguala, southeast of Mexico City, royalist General Augustín de Iturbide, insurgent leader Vicente Ramón Guerrero Saldaña, and other rebels agree on the Plan of Iguala. Mexico will declare independence with three guarantees (Tres Garantías): the predominance of Roman Catholicism, total independence (save for symbolic rule by the Spanish royal family), and reconciliation between the various ethnic groups in the country.
27 February 1821 Landgrave Wilhelm I of Hesse-Kassel dies and is succeeded by his son Wilhelm II.
2 March 1821 Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca replaces Juan Javat as First Secretary of State of Spain.
4 March 1821 Eusebio Bardají y Azara replaces Joaquín Anduaga Cuenca as First Secretary of State of Spain.
5 March 1821 A force of about 4,500 mostly Slavs under Alexander Ypsilantis, a Greek officer in the Russian army, crosses the Moldavian frontier from Russia with the intention of liberating Greece from Turkish control.
7 March 1821 Austrian troops defeat the constitutional army of the Two Sicilies at Rieti, 65 km northeast of Rome. This effectively ends the liberal revolution in the country.
Two works by Franz Schubert (24), Das Dörfchen D.641, a vocal quartet to words of Bürger, and Gesang der Geister über den Wassern D.714 for male octet to words of Goethe, are performed for the first time, in the Kärntnertortheater, Vienna.
8 March 1821 Gruppe aus dem Tartarus D.583, a song by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Schiller is performed for the first time, in the Musikverein, Vienna.
9 March 1821 The Portuguese Cortes adopts 36 articles declaring the principles on which a constitution will be based.
10 March 1821 A liberal revolution begins in Piedmont led by army officer Santorre di Santarosa. They desire a constitution and to place Carlo Alberto Carignan on the throne.
Royalist Augustín de Iturbide and rebel Vicente Guerrero agree to join their forces at Acatempan, near Teloloapan, Mexico in the Ejército de las Tres Garantías (Army of the Three Guarantees).
11 March 1821 Sardinian liberals issue a manifesto calling for a unified Italy.
13 March 1821 In the face of a liberal revolution, King Vittorio Emanuele of Sardinia abdicates in favor of his brother, Carlo Felice, who is presently in Modena. Carlo Felice’s cousin, Carlo Alberto becomes regent until his return. Carlo Felice grants a new constitution.
14 March 1821 Incidental music to Wolff’s play Preciosa by Carl Maria von Weber (34) is performed for the first time, in the Königliche Hofbühne, Berlin to great success with the public.
20 March 1821 The Inquisition is abolished in Portugal. The Banco de Lisboa is established.
22 March 1821 Hector Berlioz (17) receives a Bachelier ès lettres (baccalaureate degree) at Grenoble.
23 March 1821 Austrian troops enter Naples to restore King Ferdinando to absolutism sparking widespread uprisings throughout the country.
25 March 1821 Sporadic, unconnected uprisings occur in Greece against Turkish rule.
31 March 1821 Erlkönig D.328, a song by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Goethe, is published by Cappi and Diabelli to great success.
3 April 1821 Maranhão adheres to the liberal government of Belém, Brazil.
6 April 1821 Germanos, Metropolitan of Patras, declares the independence of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra near Kalvrita.
8 April 1821 Austrian forces defeat the Piedmontoise followers of Carlo Alberto at Novara, 45 km west of Milan.
9 April 1821 Giorgios Mavromihalis declares the independence of Greece from the Ottoman Empire. He will form a government.
11 April 1821 A Vision of Judgement by Poet Laureate Robert Southey is published. It tells of the triumphal entry of King George III into heaven.
15 April 1821 A new royalist army moving south invests Jujuy, Argentina.
16 April 1821 The island of Spetses declares for the Greek revolt.
The Boston English Classical School opens. It is the first public high school in the United States. (Now known as Boston English High School)
18 April 1821 The island of Psara declares for the Greek revolt.
19 April 1821 The British Parliament passes a bill to build a steam rail line from Darlington to Stockton-on-Tees. It is an attempt to develop a remote coal area.
21 April 1821 Benderli Ali Pasha replaces Seyyid Ali Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
22 April 1821 In response to unrest in his Romanian lands and a massacre of Turks by Greeks in the Morea, the Ottoman sultan orders that the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregorios be hanged in front of his palace in Constantinople, today, Easter Sunday. The Archbishops of Adrianople, Thessaloniki and Tirnovo are also hanged. This precedes widespread massacres of Christians by Turks in Thessalia, Macedonia and Anatolia.
Franz Schubert’s (24) male vocal quartet Die Nachtigall D.724 to words of Unger is performed for the first time, in the Kärntnertortheater, Vienna.
King João of Portugal appoints Dom Pedro as his regent in Brazil.
23 April 1821 A Polonaise in A flat by Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (11) is performed for the first time, by the composer and his teacher, Wojciech Zywny.
Francisco de Paula Escudero replaces Eusebio Bardají y Azara as First Secretary of State of Spain.
The leading edge of a royalist army is wiped out by rebels Léon, Argentina.
25 April 1821 Carlo Felice returns to Piedmont and takes over the throne from the regent, his cousin Carlo Alberto. He annuls Carlo Alberto’s constitution.
26 April 1821 King João and the Portuguese court depart Brazil for Portugal.
28 April 1821 The island of Idra declares for the Greek revolt.
30 April 1821 Gretchen am Spinnrade D.118, a song by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Goethe, is published by Cappi and Diabelli to great success.
Haci Salih Pasha replaces Benderli Ali Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
1 May 1821 Blanche de Provence, ou La cour de fées, an opera by Luigi Cherubini (60), Adrien Boeildieu (45), Henri-Montan Berton, Rodolphe Kreutzer, and Ferdinando Paer to words of Théaulon de Lambert and de Rancé, is performed for the first time, at the Tuileries, Paris.
Iturbide’s army enter Léon, Mexico.
2 May 1821 Carl Maria von Weber (34) and his wife, Caroline Brandt, arrive in Berlin from Dresden for the premiere of Der Freischütz.
Les Arts rivaux, a scène lyrique by Adrien Boieldieu (45) and Berton to words of Chazet, is performed for the first time, at the Hôtel de Ville, Paris.
3 May 1821 Johann Nepomuk Hummel (42) gives a concert in Berlin. While in the city, he makes the acquaintance of royal Kapellmeister Gaspare Spontini (36).
5 May 1821 The Manchester Guardian appears for the first time.
The Journal des débats announces that Luigi Cherubini (60) and Adrien Boieldieu (45), among others, are named Chevaliers in the Order of St. Michael.
Napoléon Bonaparte dies in exile on St. Helena, officially of stomach cancer, but possibly murdered by slow arsenic poison.
7 May 1821 Due to rising debts the Africa Company is dissolved and Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast are absorbed by the British Crown. The Gold Coast is made a crown colony.
9 May 1821 The earthly remains of Napoleon Bonaparte are laid to rest on St. Helena, 8,039 km south of Paris.
12 May 1821 The Congress of Laibach (Ljubljana) closes after deciding on measures against revolutions in Italy and Greece. The final protocol is agreed to by Russia, Austria and Prussia but not Great Britain and France. Their denunciation of the Greek rebellion encourages the Turks to further repressive measures.
Rebels defeat a royalist force near Guatire, east of Caracas.
14 May 1821 Olympia, an opera by Gaspare Spontini (46) to words of Dieulafoy and Briffaut, translated by Hoffmann, is performed for the first time, in the Berlin Opera. The audience includes Carl Maria von Weber (34), in town for the premiere of Der Freischütz. This is the German version of Olympie. See 22 December 1818.
Rebel forces capture Tacna, Peru.
A rebel army enters Caracas as royalist citizens flee aboard a fleet of ships.
15 May 1821 King Ferdinando returns to Naples to resume absolutism.
20 May 1821 Iturbide’s army captures Valladolid (Morelia, Mexico).
24 May 1821 Piauí adheres to the liberal government of Belém, Brazil.
Royalists attack rebels at Márquez, Venezuela. The attack is repulsed but the rebels thereupon retreat back to Caracas.
26 May 1821 Rebel forces abandon Caracas.
29 May 1821 Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna publish four songs by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Goethe as his op.3: Schäfers Klagelied, Heidenröslein, and the second settings of Meeresstille and Jägers Abendlied. They also publish three other of Schubert’s songs as his op.4: Der Wanderer to words of Schmidt von Lübeck, Morgenlied to words of Werner and the first setting of Wandrers Nachtlied to words of Goethe.
30 May 1821 Vincenzo Bellini (19) and a fellow student, Francesco Florimo, publicly proclaim “Long Live our King Ferdinand, consecrated by God and by Right” on the King’s name day, at Teatro San Carlo, Naples. They were suspected of being involved with the recent uprising of the Carbonari, and they are required to make this proclamation after a confession.
3 June 1821 Gigar Iyasu replaces Iyoas II Hezqeyas as Emperor of Ethiopia.
7 June 1821 A group of Greek landowners meets in Argos and declares itself the government of the Peloponnesus.
12 June 1821 Egypt annexes Sudan.
18 June 1821 19:00 Carl Maria von Weber’s (34) romantic opera Der Freischütz to words of Kind after Apel and Laun is performed for the first time, at the opening of the rebuilt Berlin Schauspielhaus to great success. In the audience is an interested 12-year-old named Felix Mendelssohn. Within the next two years, Der Freischütz will be staged in all the important theatres of Germany.
19 June 1821 Turkish troops defeat rebel Romanians under Alexander Ypsilantis at Dragasani, 150 km west of Bucharest. Ypsilantis will be captured after he escapes into Austrian territory.
20 June 1821 A duet and aria for Ferdinand Hérold’s (30) Das Zauberglöckchen (La clochette) by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Théaulon de Lambert translated by Treitsche, is performed for the first time, in the Kärntnertortheater, Vienna.
23 June 1821 Rebels attack loyalists at Calvario Hill, west of Caracas. They are virtually wiped out.
24 June 1821 South American forces under Simón Bolívar defeat Spanish and Loyalist troops at Carabobo on Lake Maracaibo, insuring the independence of Venezuela.
25 June 1821 Konzertstück J.282 for piano and orchestra by Carl Maria von Weber (34) is performed for the first time, in Berlin. During this program, Weber accompanies the renowned French violinist Alexandre Boucher in his Variations on a Norwegian Air, but after beginning, Boucher motions Weber to stop playing and he takes off into a lengthy and bizarre solo flight. Unable to get back to the original piece, he drops his violin, embraces Weber and shouts “Ah grand maître! que j'aime, que j'admire!”
28 June 1821 Simón Bolívar enters Caracas in triumph.
29 June 1821 Rebel forces capture the port of La Guaira.
30 June 1821 Liberals in Portugal publish a proposed constitution before the arrival of King João from Brazil.
An Emma D.113, a song by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Schiller, is published in the Zeitschrift für Kunst, Vienna.
3 July 1821 King João VI of Portugal returns to his native country from exile in Brazil.
4 July 1821 Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira becomes Secretary of State (prime minister) of Portugal.
News of Napoléon’s death is published in London.
5 July 1821 General Francisco Novella Azabal Pérez y Sicardo deposes the Viceroy of New Spain, Juan Ruíz de Apodaca y Eliza López de Letona y Lasquetty, conde de Venadito and begins to organize the defense of Mexico City.
6 July 1821 Viceroy José de la Serna e Hinojosa evacuates Lima, largely because of disease and malnutrition.
7 July 1821 Emma, ou La promesse imprudente, an opéra comique by Daniel François Esprit Auber (39) to words of Planard, is performed for the first time, in the Théâtre Feydeau, Paris.
9 July 1821 Five songs by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Goethe are published by Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna as his op.5: Raslose Liebe, Nähe des Geliebten, Der Fischer, Erster Verlust and Der König in Thule.
Rebel troops enter Lima.
11 July 1821 Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka (17) receives a Bible because of his success in his examinations. It is inscribed, “From the St. Petersburg University Boarding School to Mikhail Glinka, for good conduct and achievement in scripture, Russian language and literature, statistics, mathematics, and Latin.”
13 July 1821 Andrew Law is “taken speechless at the dinner table…[and] taken to his bed” and dies in Cheshire, Connecticut, aged 72 years, three months and 22 days. (Crawford, 246)
18 July 1821 Banda Oriental (Uruguay) is annexed by Brazil.
21 July 1821 Carl Maria von Weber’s (34) deteriorating health prompts him to make a last will and testament in Dresden.
George IV is crowned King of Great Britain and Ireland in Westminster Abbey. His estranged wife, Queen Caroline, attempts to gain admission but is refused. She leaves, amidst some name-calling from the onlookers. Tonight she attends a pageant of the coronation at Drury Lane Theatre. After returning home, the Queen becomes very ill with some kind of digestive ailment.
26 July 1821 Russia severs relations with the Ottoman Empire due to the latter’s refusal to guarantee the safety of its Christian subjects.
28 July 1821 After royalist troops evacuate Lima, the citizenry proclaim the independence of Peru and give José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras the title of “Protector.”
8 August 1821 Queen Caroline, estranged wife of King George IV of Great Britain, dies at her home, Cambridge House, in London.
Don Juan (cantos iii-v) by George Gordon, Lord Byron is published.
10 August 1821 Missouri becomes the 24th state of the United States.
12 August 1821 King George IV arrives at Howth for a three-week visit to Ireland. It is a triumphal stay, with many Catholics anticipating emancipation from it.
Rebels under General Sucre defeat royalists at Yaguachi, east of Guyaquil.
16 August 1821 The Paris Opéra moves into new quarters in the Rue Le Peletièr. The old theatre in the Rue de Richelieu was demolished after the Duc de Berry was killed there on 13 February 1820.
21 August 1821 German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck gives the first of four talks before the Academy of Sciences in Berlin where he describes his recent experiments. He has discovered that two unlike metals joined at two different points with each point at different temperatures will produce an electrical circuit. This phenomenon, later called the Seebeck Effect, is the beginning of thermoelectricity.
23 August 1821 Three songs by Franz Schubert (24) are published by Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna as his op.6: Memnon and Antigone und Oedip to words of Mayrhofer, and Am Grabe Anselmos to words of Claudius.
24 August 1821 The last Viceroy of New Spain, General Juan O'Donojú, signs the Treaty of Córdoba. Spain recognizes the independence of Mexico as a constitutional monarchy.
30 August 1821 Franz Schubert’s (24) female chorus Der 23. Psalm D.706, (tr. Moses Mendelssohn), is performed for the first time, in the Gundelhof, Vienna.
1 September 1821 This month’s issue of the London Magazine includes the first installment of Thomas de Quincey’s Confessions of an English Opium-Eater.
José de San Martín lands at Pisco, 200 km south of Lima, and declares against Spain.
3 September 1821 Chiapas declares its independence from Spain.
4 September 1821 Michael Faraday creates the first electric motor, a wire in mercury revolving around a magnet. It is the beginning of electromagnetic technology.
7 September 1821 Carl Loewe (24) marries Julie von Jacob in Halle.
Filipe Ferreira de Araújo e Castro replaces Silvestre Pinheiro Ferreira as Secretary of State (prime minister) of Portugal.
12 September 1821 Sucre’s rebel army is almost wiped out by royalists at Huachi, near Ambato, Ecuador.
15 September 1821 Representatives of landowners and clergy meet in Guatemala City and proclaim the independence of the Kingdom of Guatemala (Chiapas, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua).
16 September 1821 Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia claims the west coast of North America from the Bering Sea to latitude 51° north. He further bans foreign ships to come within 185 km of the coast.
18 September 1821 A setting of Psalm 19 for two solo voices, chorus and piano by Felix Mendelssohn (12) is performed for the first time, in Berlin.
25 September 1821 Tsar Alyeksandr of Russia declares a monopoly on all hunting, fishing and trading in Russian America and adjacent waters.
27 September 1821 Augustín de Iturbide enters Mexico City in triumph, Viceroy Juan O'Donojú having opened the city without a fight.
28 September 1821 Augustín de Iturbide takes on the title of President of the Regency of the Empire.
29 September 1821 The Boston Handel and Haydn Society Collection of Church Music, compiled by Lowell Mason (29), is announced in the leading American music journal, The Euterpeiad.
1 October 1821 Royalists in Cartagena, Colombia surrender the city to besieging rebels.
4 October 1821 A setting of the Mass by Vincenzo Bellini (19) is performed for the first time, in the church of San Francesco d’Assisi, Catania.
5 October 1821 The publication of twelve Monferrinas for piano op.49 by Muzio Clementi (69) is entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
Greek rebels capture Tripolitza in the Morea and massacre Turks living there. 8,000 people are killed.
10 October 1821 A contract is signed between Lowell Mason (29) and George K. Jackson of the Boston Handel and Haydn Society. Mason’s tune book will be issued under the name of the society.
15 October 1821 The publication of three Piano Sonatas op.50 by Muzio Clementi (69) is entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
16 October 1821 The Spanish formally surrender the city of Cumaná, Venezuela to rebels.
17 October 1821 The British West African Territories are established as a union of Gambia, Sierra Leone and the Gold Coast.
25 October 1821 The Kyrie and Gloria from the Missa Solemnis by Ludwig van Beethoven (50) are performed for the first time, in the Landständischer Saal, Vienna. See 7 April 1824.
26 October 1821 Hector Berlioz (17) receives a passport for domestic travel at the Grenoble Town Hall. Before the month is out, he will use it to travel to Paris to study the art of medicine.
2 November 1821 Carl Friedrich Zelter arrives in Weimar from Berlin along with his daughter and a promising young student named Felix Mendelssohn (12). He wants them both to make the acquaintance of Goethe.
4 November 1821 In Weimar, Felix Mendelssohn (12) meets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe for the first time. In spite of the vast difference in their ages, the two begin a strong friendship over the next two weeks. Felix has brought several songs by his sister Fanny (15) on Goethe texts. The poet is delighted and will compose a poem for Fanny in gratitude. Also present is the Weimar Kapellmeister Johann Nepomuk Hummel (42).
11 November 1821 At a musical gathering at Goethe’s house in Weimar, visiting musicians play through Felix Mendelssohn’s (12) Piano Quartet in D, led by his teacher Carl Friedrich Zelter. Goethe, who heard the seven-year-old Mozart, states that Mendelssohn’s accomplishment at such a young age “borders on the miraculous.” Comparisons to Mozart begin to fly.
16 November 1821 Hector Berlioz (17) enrolls at the Faculté de Médecine of the Académie de Paris of the Université Royale de France.
18 November 1821 Franz Schubert’s (24) song Der Wanderer D.493 to words of Schmidt von Lübeck is performed for the first time, in the Gasthof ‘zum römischen Kaiser’, Vienna.
27 November 1821 Three songs of Franz Schubert (24) are published by Cappi and Diabelli, Vienna as his op.7: Die abgeblühte Linde and Der Flug der Zeit to words of Széchényi, and Der Tod und das Mädchen to words of Claudius.
28 November 1821 Panama is declared independent of Spain.
1 December 1821 24 members declaring themselves a Greek “national assembly” meet at Argos. They begin writing a constitution.
The Republic of San Domingo is established independent of Spain and nominally part of Gran Colombia.
3 December 1821 The Seventeenth Congress of the United States convenes in Washington. Voting for the House of Representatives took place between 3 July 1820 and 10 August 1821. Federalists gain a handful of seats from the Republicans but are still in a small minority 155-32. Republicans dominate the Senate 44-4.
6 December 1821 The South Orkney Islands are claimed for Great Britain.
Incidental music to von Kleist’s play Prinz Friedrich von Homburg by Heinrich August Marschner (26) is performed for the first time, in Dresden.
8 December 1821 Der Blumen Schmerz D.731, a song by Franz Schubert (24) to words of Mayláth, is published in the Zeitschrift für Kunst, Vienna.
15 December 1821 US Navy officers force the local king to sell Cape Mesurado (near present Monrovia, Liberia) to the American Colonization Society. The society will found a colony for freed slaves on the site.
27 December 1821 At a benefit for Gioachino Rossini (29) in the Teatro San Carlo, Naples, attended by King Ferdinando, the royal family, ministers and many members of the nobility, the composer’s cantata La riconoscenza to words of Genoino is performed for the first time.
©2004-2012 Paul Scharfenberger
8 July 2012
Last Updated (Sunday, 08 July 2012 04:49)