1795
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3 January 1795 Russia and Austria conclude a secret treaty in advance of the upcoming third partition of Poland.
6 January 1795 Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur replaces Pierre Louis Bentabole as President of the National Convention of France.
12 January 1795 Johann Peter Salomon announces that he has sold his operation to the Opera Concert Series who will now oversee the remaining performances of Joseph Haydn (62).
13 January 1795 Il mondo alla rovescia, a dramma giocoso by Antonio Salieri (44) to words of Mazzolà, is performed for the first time, in the Burgtheater, Vienna. It is the first opera by Salieri to be produced in over five years. It is a failure.
15 January 1795 The 13th Chausseurs, founded by Joseph Boulogne de Saint Georges (49), is abolished by the People’s Representatives with the Armies of the North and Sambre-et-Meuse.
British and Prussian forces evacuate the Netherlands entirely.
16 January 1795 French forces capture Utrecht.
17 January 1795 Duddingston Curling Society is organized in Scotland. It is the first Curling club in the world.
18 January 1795 Stadtholder Willem V of the Netherlands flees north.
20 January 1795 Joseph Stanislas François Xavier Alexis Rovère replaces Étienne François Louis Honoré Letourneur as President of the National Convention of France.
French troops occupy Amsterdam, already in the hands of Dutch revolutionaries.
23 January 1795 French forces capture the Dutch fleet, frozen in the ice of the Zuyder Zee.
1 February 1795 At the invitation of the Prince of Wales, Joseph Haydn (62) attends a soiree at the residence of the Duke of York. King George III, the Queen, the Duke of Orange and other members of the royal family are present. The composer plays and sings for them. King George, an admirer of the music of George Frideric Handel (†35), is charmed.
2 February 1795 The Fourth season of the Salomon-Haydn concerts begins in King’s Theatre, London. Johann Peter Salomon has sold his operation to the Opera Concert Series. Joseph Haydn (62) now works for them. His Symphony no.102 is performed for the first time. This is one of the more glittering musical events of the decade. Music by Haydn, Jan Ladislav Dussek (34), who is also present, Domenico Cimarosa (45) and others is presented by many of the great performers of the day. At one point, several patrons leave their seats to get a better view of Haydn. Not long thereafter, a chandelier crashes to the floor where they had just been sitting. According to legend, the symphony playing at the time, Haydn’s no.96, is thereafter called “The Miracle.” Unfortunately, the accident happened during the premiere of the Symphony no.102.
4 February 1795 Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras replaces Joseph Stanislas François Xavier Alexis Rovère as President of the National Convention of France.
Don Quixote der Zweyte, a singspiel by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (55) to his own words after Cervantes, is performed for the first time, in the Herzogliches Hoftheater, Oels.
7 February 1795 Willem V, the Prince of Orange, in exile in England, orders all Dutch governors throughout the world to surrender to the British as soon as possible. The Dutch East India Company refuses.
As the legislature of North Carolina ratifies the eleventh amendment to the United States Constitution, it goes into effect. The amendment clarifies judicial powers.
9 February 1795 Tuscany makes peace with France.
13 February 1795 The first state institution of higher education in the United States, the University of North Carolina, opens in Chapel Hill.
15 February 1795 With the Peace of La Jaunaie, the Vendée makes peace with the government in Paris.
18 February 1795 Great Britain and Russia conclude an alliance pledging mutual defense.
19 February 1795 François Louis Bourdon, dit Bourdon de l’Oise replaces Jean Nicolas Paul François Barras as President of the National Convention of France.
21 February 1795 Freedom of worship is guaranteed in France.
23 February 1795 Only a month after his appointment, Earl Fitzwilliam is recalled as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by the British government for allowing the introduction of a Catholic Reform bill. This is seen by most Catholics as a retrenchment away from emancipation.
27 February 1795 Catholics meet in Dublin and approve an address to the king.
28 February 1795 Three Grand Sonatas for piano with violin or cello accompaniment B.452-454 by Ignaz Pleyel (37) are entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
2 March 1795 Symphony no.103 “Drumroll” by Joseph Haydn (62) is performed for the first time, in London.
Ludwig van Beethoven (24) makes his Vienna debut, at the palace of Prince Lobkowitz.
3 March 1795 Hannah More begins publishing Cheap Repository Tracts in Britain. They are intended as moral guides to poor people. Over the next 42 months she will put out over 100 such publications. Millions will be sold.
6 March 1795 Antoine Claire Thibaudeau replaces François Louis Bourdon, dit Bourdon de l’Oise as President of the National Convention of France.
9 March 1795 Jan Ladislav Dussek’s (35) six piano sonatas C.118-123 are entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
10 March 1795 Publication of Jan Ladislav Dussek’s (35) Variations on Fal Lal La for piano C.124 is announced in The Times of London.
11 March 1795 Mahrattas defeat Mogul forces at Kurdla and are forced into a disaterous peace.
12 March 1795 Doria, ou La tyrannie détruite, an opéra héroïque by Etienne-Nicolas Méhul (31) to words of Legouvé and d’Avrigny, is performed for the first time, in Théâtre Favart, Paris.
13 March 1795 A delegation of Irish Catholics is given leave to present their address to King George, but in a public, not private audience. They feel ridiculed by the experience.
17 March 1795 Georg Karl Lord of Fechenbach replaces Franz Ludwig von Erthal as Duke-Bishop of Würzburg.
20 March 1795 The National Convention forbids women from its meetings, and forbids them to assemble publicly in groups.
24 March 1795 Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère replaces Antoine Claire Thibaudeau as President of the National Convention of France.
28 March 1795 The Landtags of Courland and Pilten approve annexation by Russia.
29 March 1795 The Piano Concerto no.2 op.19 by Ludwig van Beethoven (24) is performed for the first time, in the Burgtheater, Vienna, the composer at the keyboard. This is Beethoven’s public debut in Vienna. He finished composing the work only two days ago. The Wiener Zeitung will report that the audience gave him “undivided acclaim.” (Skowroneck, 143) (some think that Beethoven played the Piano Concerto no.1 op.15 at this occasion)
31 March 1795 Ludwig van Beethoven (24) performs a Mozart (†3) piano concerto at a production of La Clemenza di Tito to benefit Mozart’s widow, Constanze.
1 April 1795 Maximilian I Joseph replaces Karl III August Christian, Pfalzgraf von Birkenfeld as Duke of Palatinate-Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld.
2 April 1795 Publication of Hymne a la nuit B.740 for voice and piano by Ignaz Pleyel (37) to words of Evariste Desire de Forges, Vicomte de Parny, is announced in the Frankfurter Ristretto.
The French National Convention exiles “the Four” remaining leaders of the Terror to Guiana: Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne, Jean Marie Collot d’Herbois, Bertrand de Barère and Marc Guillaume Alexis Vadier.
5 April 1795 Peace is concluded between France and Prussia in Basel. Prussia receives all French conquests on the east bank of the Rhine in return for breaking with the anti-France coalition.
François Antoine Boissy d’Anglas replaces Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère as President of the National Convention of France.
7 April 1795 The French government adopts the metric system.
Christoph Franz von Buseck replaces Franz Ludwig von Erthal as Prince-Bishop of Bamberg.
9 April 1795 4,000 Catholics gather at an indignation meeting in the Francis Street chapel in Dublin. Anger and frustration is vented at England, along with feelings of solidarity with Irish Protestants.
15 April 1795 Be’ede Mariam III Salomon replaces Tekle Giyorgis I Yohannes as Emperor of Ethiopia.
20 April 1795 Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès replaces Jean Pelet, dit Pelet de la Lozère as President of the National Convention of France.
23 April 1795 After seven years of trial, Warren Hastings, former Governor-General of India, is found not guilty on all counts of mismanagement, incompetence, and ill-gotten gains, by the House of Lords.
Rev. William Jackson is found guilty of treason as a French agent, in Dublin.
26 April 1795 Russia annexes Courland, Pilten and Semigalia.
28 April 1795 As Rev. William Jackson appears in a Dublin court for sentencing, he dies from self-administered poison. The Jackson affair becomes front page news throughout the island.
30 April 1795 Publication of Muzio Clementi’s (43) two sonatas and two capriccios for piano op.34 is announced in the Morning Chronicle, London.
4 May 1795 Symphony no.104 “London” by Joseph Haydn (63) is performed for the first time, at a benefit concert in London. It is the last symphony he will compose. Also premiered is Haydn’s cantata Berenice, che fai to words of Metastasio.
5 May 1795 Théodore Vernier replaces Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès as President of the National Convention of France.
9 May 1795 Publication of three Piano Trios op.1 by Ludwig van Beethoven (24) is advertised in the Wiener Zeitung.
10 May 1795 Representatives from Antrim and Down meet in Belfast and ratify the constitution of the now suppressed United Irish movement.
13 May 1795 Joseph Boulogne de Saint Georges (49) is reinstated to his command of the reconstituted 13th Chausseurs.
16 May 1795 The Batavian Republic is established in the Netherlands, under French direction. It has been in unofficial operation since the French arrived last January.
Joseph Haydn (63) is a witness at the wedding of the pianist Therese Jansen and Gaetano Bartolozzi in St. James’ Picadilly. Haydn wrote his last three piano sonatas for her and will dedicate three piano trios (Hob.XV:27-9) to her.
18 May 1795 The fourth and last season of the Salomon-Haydn (63) concerts concludes in London.
20 May 1795 Ludwig Eugen, Duke of Wurttemberg dies and is succeeded by his brother Friedrich Eugen.
24 May 1795 “Moderate” elements take over the National Convention and unleash troops on remaining Jacobins.
26 May 1795 Jean Baptiste Charles Mathieu, dit Mathieu-Mirampal replaces Théodore Vernier as President of the National Convention of France.
27 May 1795 Jan Ladislav Dussek’s (35) Piano Concerto C.125 is entered at Stationers’ Hall, London.
The London publishing house of Longman&Broderip is declared bankrupt.
30 May 1795 Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf’s (55) singspiel Gott Mars und der Hauptmann von Bärenzahn to his own words is performed for the first time, in the Herzogliches Hoftheater, Oels.
4 June 1795 Jean-Denis Lanjuinais replaces Jean Baptiste Charles Mathieu, dit Mathieu-Mirampal as President of the National Convention of France.
8 June 1795 Citizen Louis Bourbon, son of Louis XVI, heir to the French throne, dies in prison.
13 June 1795 The Morning Chronicle, London announces the publication of Joseph Haydn’s (63) three piano trios XV: 21-3.
17 June 1795 Six remaining Jacobins are executed by guillotine in Paris.
18 June 1795 French forces recapture St. Lucia from the British.
19 June 1795 Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray replaces Jean-Denis Lanjuinais as President of the National Convention of France.
20 June 1795 Expecting that he will soon be returning to France, François-André Danican-Philidor (68) gives his last chess demonstration in London, playing three simultaneous games blindfolded.
24 June 1795 After two weeks of furious debate, the US Senate votes 20-10 to ratify the Jay Treaty of 1794, a bare 2/3 vote.
25 June 1795 Luxembourg surrenders to France.
27 June 1795 British troops and French monarchists land in Quibéron in support of a revolt in Brittany.
29 June 1795 Austrian forces launch an offensive which will eject the French from Italy.
3 July 1795 Luigi Cherubini (34) and the Théâtre Feydeau agree to a change in his contract. In lieu of a salary increase, Cherubini will receive his copyright privileges for all works he composes for them henceforth.
4 July 1795 Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant replaces Jean-Baptiste Louvet de Couvray as President of the National Convention of France.
On the 19th anniversary of American independence, Governor Samuel Adams and Paul Revere lay the cornerstone of the Massachusetts state house in Boston, designed by Charles Bulfinch.
5 July 1795 Fire breaks out in Copenhagen.
7 July 1795 After burning for two days, a great fire is finally doused in Copenhagen. It has destroyed about one-third of the city.
14 July 1795 La Marseillaise is declared the national anthem of France.
17 July 1795 Achmet und Almanzine, a singspiel by Johann Baptist Schenk (41) to words after Lesage and d’Ormeville is performed for the first time, in the Kärntnerthortheater, Vienna.
19 July 1795 Louis Marie La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux replaces Louis Gustave Le Doulcet de Pontécoulant as President of the National Convention of France.
21 July 1795 French monarchists and British troops are soundly defeated by French government forces at Quibéron.
22 July 1795 Peace is concluded between France and Spain in Basel. Spain cedes their half of the island of Hispaniola.
31 July 1795 The first benefit concert for, and featuring, Nicolò Paganini (12) takes place at Teatro Sant’ Agostino, Genoa. It includes the premiere of his Variations on La carmagnole for violin and orchestra.
3 August 1795 Pierre Claude François Daunou replaces Louis Marie La Revellière, dit La Revellière-Lépeaux as President of the National Convention of France.
The Paris Conservatoire is founded by the National Convention through the joining of the Institut national de musique and the École nationale de chant et de déclamation. Five inspectors of instruction are appointed: François-Joseph Gossec (61), André-Ernest-Modeste Grétry (54), Luigi Cherubini (34), Étienne-Nicolas Méhul (32), and Jean-François Le Sueur.
4 August 1795 An advertisement appears in the Salem Gazette for a new singing school run by Andrew Law (46) in Salem, Massachusetts.
13 August 1795 Franz Joseph Haydn (63) signs a document granting all rights to his Symphonies nos.93-98 to Johann Peter Salomon.
Antonio Salieri’s (44) commedia per musica Eraclito e Democrito to words of De Gamerra is performed for the first time, in the Burgtheater, Vienna.
15 August 1795 A British force takes over the Dutch colony of Malacca (Melaka, Malaysia).
Joseph Haydn (63) departs England for the last time, carrying with him the libretto to an oratorio called The Creation.
16 August 1795 Heinrich August Marschner is born in Zittau, the son of (Johann) Franz Anton Marschner, a horn and ivory craftsman, and Christiane Gottliebe Cassel, daughter of a harness maker.
19 August 1795 Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier replaces Pierre Claude François Daunou as President of the National Convention of France.
21 August 1795 Joseph Haydn (63) arrives in Hamburg from London. He is taking a more easterly route back to Vienna due to recent French advances in the Low Countries.
22 August 1795 The National Convention of France approves the Constitution of the Year III.
26 August 1795 After a siege of a week, invading British forces capture the Dutch garrison at Trincomalee, Ceylon.
28 August 1795 Peace is concluded between France and Hesse-Cassel at Basel.
31 August 1795 François-André Danican-Philidor dies at his home at 10 Little Ryder Street, London, aged 68 years, eleven months and 24 days. An obituary for this composer of over 25 operas will begin, “On Monday last, Mr. Philidor, the celebrated chess player, made his last move, into the other world.”
2 September 1795 Théophile Berlier replaces Marie Joseph Blaise Chénier as President of the National Convention of France.
3 September 1795 The mortal remains of François-André Danican-Philidor are laid to rest from St. James’ Church, Picadilly in the grounds behind St. James’ Chapel in Hampstead Road. The grave, unmarked, has never been found.
5 September 1795 Publication of several works by Jan Ladislav Dussek (35) is announced in The Times of London: three piano sonatas C.126-8, the Pedal Harp Concerto C.129 and two rondos for piano C.130-1.
6 September 1795 French troops cross the Rhine.
12 September 1795 Persian troops under Agha-Mohammad-Khan conquer Tiflis (Tbilisi), killing a large number of civilians in the process.
15 September 1795 Der Schach von Schiras, a singspiel by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (55) to his own words after Kotzebue, is performed for the first time, in the Herzogliches Hoftheater, Oels.
16 September 1795 British forces take Cape Town and occupy the Dutch Cape Colony for Willem V of the Netherlands.
20 September 1795 French forces occupy Mannheim.
21 September 1795 Catholics and Protestants clash in County Armagh, Ireland in the Battle of the Diamond. 20-30 people are killed. As a result of this, the Orange Order is established to protect Protestant interests.
22 September 1795 The London Missionary Society is founded in Spa Fields Chapel.
23 September 1795 Pierre Charles Louis Baudin, dit Baudin des Ardennes replaces Théophile Berlier as President of the National Convention of France.
1 October 1795 The Austrian Netherlands (Belgium) is incorporated into France.
5 October 1795 An angry royalist mob threatens to overthrow the Thermidorian Convention by attacking the Tuileries and the National Convention. After a stalemate between rebels and loyal troops is reached by 14:00, a new assault breaks through the loyalist lines. They manage to funnel the rebels toward the Église St.-Roch where where an artillery battery under the command of General Napoléon Bonaparte is waiting. As they reach their lines, Napoléon orders his men to fire point blank into the crowd. At least 200 people are killed, the rest flee. Order is restored.
8 October 1795 Charles François Jean Joseph Victor Génissieu replaces Pierre Charles Louis Baudin, dit Baudin des Ardennes as President of the National Convention of France.
9 October 1795 The Morning Chronicle, London announces the publication of Joseph Haydn’s (63) three piano trios XV: 24-6.
10 October 1795 Napoléon Bonaparte is appointed second-in-command of the Interior.
14 October 1795 The Sun of London announces the publication of Joseph Haydn’s (63) String Quartets op.71.
Palmira, Regina di Persia, a dramma eroicomico by Antonio Salieri (45) to words of De Gamerra after Voltaire, is performed for the first time, in the Kärntnertortheater, Vienna. It will become one of the composer’s most successful works.
22 October 1795 The Central School for Public Works in Paris is renamed the École Polytechnique.
24 October 1795 The third and last partition of Poland is agreed to. Prussia takes Warsaw and the territory between the Bug and the Nieman, Austria gets Krakow and western Galicia while Russia takes everything between Galicia and the Dvina.
25 October 1795 The Institut de France is created consolidating the old royal academies.
26 October 1795 26-year-old Napoléon Bonaparte is appointed commander-in-chief of the Army of the Interior.
The French National Convention completes the third constitution of the French Republic and disbands. The Committee of Public Safety takes over the temporary role of Head of State.
27 October 1795 The Treaty of San Lorenzo between the United States and Spain sets the common border of Georgia and Florida and opens the Mississippi River to citizens of both countries.
28 October 1795 Rosalie et Myrza, an opéra-comique by Adrien Boieldieu (19) to his father’s words, is performed for the first time, at the Théâtre des Arts, Rouen.
29 October 1795 Die Befreyten Gwelfen, an opera by Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf (55), is performed for the first time, in the Herzogliches Hoftheater, Oels.
2 November 1795 The third constitution of the French Republic goes into effect. The Directorate meets at the Palais Luxembourg and makes Jean-François Reubell the first President of the Executive Directory.
4 November 1795 Thomas Johann Nepomuk Graf von Thun replaces Joseph Franz Anton Graf von Auersperg as Prince-Bishop of Passau.
5 November 1795 The French Directory moves from the Tuileries to the Luxembourg Palace.
6 November 1795 Georg Anton (Jiri Antonin) Benda dies at his retirement home in Kostritz, 73 years, four months and seven days after his baptism.
17 November 1795 Giacomo Maria Brignole replaces Giuseppe Maria Doria, Duke of Massanova as Doge of Genoa.
21 November 1795 L’impegno superato, a commedia per musica by Domenico Cimarosa (45) to words of Diodati, is performed for the first time, in Teatro del Fondo, Naples.
22 November 1795 Ludwig van Beethoven's (24) Twelve Minuets WoO 7 and Twelve German Dances WoO 8 are performed for the first time, at a masked ball in the Vienna Redoutensaal attended by Joseph Haydn (63).
23 November 1795 French forces advance against the Austrians from Ormea, Zuccarello and Borghetto causing a general retreat.
French forces defeat the Austrians at Loano on the Mediterranean 60 km southwest of Genoa.
28 November 1795 The United States buys peace from Algiers and Tunis by paying them $800,000, supplying a frigate and annual tribute of $25,000.
5 December 1795 Étienne-Nicolas Méhul’s (32) comédie mise en musique La caverne to words of Forgeot is performed for the first time, in the Théâtre Favart, Paris. Originally successful, after a year it will disappear.
6 December 1795 King Stanislas II of Poland abdicates in Grodno and is transported to St. Petersburg.
7 December 1795 The Fourth Congress of the United States convenes in Philadelphia. Voting for the House of Representatives took place between August 1794 and September 1795. Republicans increase their majority in that house while a strong Federalist majority exists in the Senate.
18 December 1795 Two acts of the British Parliament are given Royal Assent. They are the Treasonable and Seditious Practices Act and the Seditious Meetings Act, know colloquially as the Gagging Acts. They are part of “Pitt’s Terror”, the attempts of the government of Prime Minister Pitt to silence radical reformers such as those acquitted over the last two months.
The Piano Concerto no.1 op.15 by Ludwig van Beethoven (25) is performed for the first time, the composer at the keyboard, at a concert arranged by Joseph Haydn (63) in the Redoutensaal, Vienna. Haydn introduces three of his London symphonies to the Viennese public.
19 December 1795 An armistice is concluded between Austria and France.
©2004-2012 Paul Scharfenberger
5 July 2012
Last Updated (Thursday, 05 July 2012 05:46)