1860
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1 January 1860 Paris is organized into 20 arrondissements.
Five months after the death of Carl Gotthelf Siegmund Böhme, the Leipzig music publishing house of CF Peters is sold to the Berlin music and book seller Julius Friedländer.
11 January 1860 Kammerball-Polka op.230 by Johann Strauss (34) is performed for the first time, in the Hofburg, Vienna.
13 January 1860 Breitkopf and Härtel complete the publishing of Richard Wagner’s (46) Tristan und Isolde.
14 January 1860 The following Imperial decree is published in the Bulletin des Lois: “M. Offenbach, Jacques, composer of music, director of the Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens, born on 20 June 1819, in Cologne (Prussia), living in Paris, is admitted to enjoyment of the rights of a French citizen in conformity with Article 2 of the Law of 3 December 1849.”
15 January 1860 Through the efforts of Hector Berlioz (56) the Journal des débats publishes an announcement of Richard Wagner’s (46) upcoming Paris concert.
16 January 1860 Count Cavour is recalled to office as acting Prime Minister of Sardinia.
17 January 1860 Jules Massenet (17) enters the harmony class of Napoléon-Henri Reber at the Paris Conservatoire.
21 January 1860 A package arrives at the Paris home of Hector Berlioz (56) with a note. “Dear Berlioz, I am delighted to be able to offer you the first copy of my Tristan. Accept it and keep it out of friendship for me. Richard Wagner (46).” The score is inscribed, “To the dear and great author of Romeo and Juliet, from the grateful author of Tristan und Isolde.”
23 January 1860 Modest Musorgsky’s (20) Scherzo in B flat for orchestra is performed for the first time, in St. Petersburg conducted by Anton Rubinstein (30). It is the first performance of a Musorgsky orchestral work.
24 January 1860 Lebenswecker op.232, a waltz by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Sophiensaal, Vienna.
25 January 1860 Richard Wagner (46) conducts the first of three concerts of his music in Paris. Attending today at the Théâtre-Italien are Daniel-François-Esprit Auber (77), Hector Berlioz (56), Valentin Alkan (46), and Charles Gounod (41). The audience is enthusiastic but the press is merciless. Heard tonight for the first time is the Prelude to Tristan und Isolde with the concert ending composed by Wagner. Alkan leaves at intermission, later saying “Wagner is not music; it’s a sickness.” See 12 March 1859.
31 January 1860 Sentenzen op.233, a waltz by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Sophiensaal, Vienna.
4 February 1860 Le roman d’Elvire, an opéra comique by Ambroise Thomas (48) to words of Dumas (père) and de Leuven, is performed for the first time, at the Théâtre Favart, Paris.
7 February 1860 Hrabina, an opera by Stanislaw Moniuszko (40) to words of Wolski after Dierzowski, is performed for the first time, in Warsaw.
8 February 1860 Prime Minister Carl Edvard Rotwitt of Denmark dies suddenly in Copenhagen.
9 February 1860 Hector Berlioz (56) publishes a criticism of Richard Wagner’s (46) music in the Journal des débats beginning a second Querelle des Bouffons. “If this is the religion, and a new one at that, then I am far from confessing it. I never have, am not about to, and never will. I raise my hand and swear: non credo!“
10 February 1860 Johannes Brahms’ (26) Serenade no.2 for orchestra is performed for the first time, in the Wörmerscher Saal, Hamburg. The composer conducts from manuscript.
Le carnaval des revues by Jacques Offenbach (40) to words of Grangé, Gille, and Halévy is performed for the first time, at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris.
14 February 1860 Accelerationen op.234, a waltz by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Sophiensaal, Vienna.
15 February 1860 The Journal des débats publishes Richard Wagner’s (46) soft-spoken reply to Berlioz’ (56) article of 9 February, all 1,400 words of it.
17 February 1860 Escenas campestres, a one-act opera by Louis Moreau Gottschalk (30) to anonymous words, is performed for the first time, in the Teatro di Tacón, Havana. Also premiered are two orchestral works by Gottschalk: Marcha Triunfal y Final de Opera and La nuit des tropiques. See 10 July 1859.
18 February 1860 Philémon et Baucis, an opéra by Charles Gounod (41) to words of Barbier and Carré after de la Fontaine, is performed for the first time, in the Théâtre-Lyrique, Paris.
20 February 1860 Immer heiterer op.235, a waltz im Ländlerstyle by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Sperl Ballroom, Vienna.
22 February 1860 Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (19) is promoted to senior assistant to the head of his administrative department in the Russian Ministry of Justice.
23 February 1860 Floris Adriaan, Baron van Hall and Schelte, Baron Heemstra replace Jan Jacob Rochussen and Peter Philip van Bosse as chief ministers of the Netherlands.
24 February 1860 Carl Christian Hall replaces Carl Edvard Rotwitt as Prime Minister of Denmark.
26 February 1860 Taubenpost op.237, a polka française by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Volksgarten, Vienna.
3 March 1860 Serenade no.1, in the setting for full orchestra by Johannes Brahms (26), is performed for the first time, in the Concert Hall of the Royal Theatre, Hannover. Reviews are mixed. See 28 March 1859.
5 March 1860 Emperor Franz Joseph issues the March Patent, centralizing authority in Vienna and ignoring Hungarian demands for more autonomy.
7 March 1860 The Catholic consistories of Russia and the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg grant an annulment to Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein from her husband Nicholas. This should allow her to marry Franz Liszt (48) but the decree is suspended by the Bishop of Fulda. Weimar lies in his jurisdiction.
11 March 1860 Emperor Napoléon III orders the production of Tannhäuser at the Paris Opéra. With such backing, the Saxon ambassador in Paris, Baron von Seebach, will gain an amnesty for the composer, Richard Wagner (46), an exile for eleven years.
12 March 1860 Over the last two days, plebiscites in Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and Romagna favor union with Sardinia.
13 March 1860 Hugo Filipp Jakob Wolf is born in Windischgraz, Styria (Slovenj Gradec, Slovenia), 70 km southwest of Graz, fourth of eight children born to Philipp Wolf, leather merchant and amateur musician, and Katharina Nussbaumer, daughter of a forge owner.
18 March 1860 The Duchies of Parma, Piacenza, Modena, Reggio, and Ferrara along with Tuscany and Romagna are absorbed into the Kingdom of Sardinia.
21 March 1860 Joseph Joachim writes to Robert Franz (44) asking him to join in a protest against the “New German School”, particularly Richard Wagner (46) and Franz Liszt (48). Franz will decline.
Ballades op.10/2-3 for piano by Johannes Brahms (26) are performed for the first time, in Vienna by Clara Schumann (40).
23 March 1860 Camillo, Count Benso di Cavour once again becomes full Prime Minister of Sardinia.
24 March 1860 In return for support against Austria, Sardinia cedes Nice and Savoy to France in the Treaty of Turin.
25 March 1860 The board of directors of the Russian Musical Society resolves to found a conservatory.
Symphony no.2 by Camille Saint-Saëns (24) is performed for the first time, at Salle Pleyel in Paris.
27 March 1860 Daphnis et Chloé, an operetta by Jacques Offenbach (40) to words of Nicolaie (pseud. of Clairville) and Cordier (pseud. of de Vaulabelle), is performed for the first time, at the Bouffes-Parisiens, Paris.
1 April 1860 General Ortega makes a Carlist pronunciamento at San Carlos de la Rápita, 160 km southwest of Barcelona, precipitating a conservative revolt in Spain. It will fail.
2 April 1860 The first Italian parliament meets in Turin.
Anton von Stabel replaces Franz, Baron Stengel as Prime Minister of Baden.
3 April 1860 Anton Bruckner (35) passes a course in advanced counterpoint with his Vienna instructor Simon Sechter, largely through correspondence.
Pretoria is made the capital of the Transvaal.
Riders inaugurate the Pony Express starting simultaneously from Sacramento, California and St. Joseph, Missouri.
4 April 1860 A small uprising in Sicily is immediately put down by royal troops.
8 April 1860 British in Hong Kong lease five square kilometers of the Kowloon Peninsula in perpetuity for £160 per year.
9 April 1860 Concerto for violin and orchestra no.2 op.58 by Camille Saint-Saëns (24) is performed for the first time, in Salle Erard, Paris.
18 April 1860 Orpheus-Quadrille op.236 by Johann Strauss (34) is performed for the first time, in “Zum großen Zeisig,” Vienna.
22 April 1860 Over the last week, plebiscites in Nice and Savoy favor union with France.
23 April 1860 On his cross-continent trek, explorer John McDouall Stuart becomes the first European to stand at the center of Australia.
24 April 1860 Bedrich Smetana’s (36) symphonic poem Richard III is performed for the first time, in Göteborg in an arrangement for four pianos. See 5 January 1862.
26 April 1860 Peace is concluded between Spain and Morocco.
27 April 1860 Emperor Napoléon III attends a performance of Orphée aux enfers and presents the composer, Jacques Offenbach (40) with gifts.
1 May 1860 Joaquim António de Aguiar replaces António José de Sousa Manuel e Meneses Severim de Noronha, duque de Terceira, marquês e conde de Vila-Flor as Prime Minister of Portugal.
4 May 1860 A statement appears in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik mocking the letter from Brahms (26) and Joachim which will appear two days from today. It is written by Carl Friedrich Weitzmann.
A bronze statue of Felix Mendelssohn (†12) by Charles Bacon , measuring eight feet (2.4 m) high, is unveiled at the Crystal Palace, London.
6 May 1860 About a thousand poorly armed men under Garibaldi board two steamers in Genoa and sail for Sicily.
A declaration appears in the Berliner Musik-Zeitung Echo signed by Johannes Brahms (26), Joseph Joachim, Julius Otto Grimm and Bernhard Scholz attacking Wagner’s (46) ideals and the Music of the Future. It says in part, “The undersigned...declare that…they can only deplore and condemn as contrary to the most fundamental essence of music the productions of the leaders and disciples of the so-called New German School, some of whom put these principles into practice, while others keep trying to impose the establishment of more and more novel and preposterous theories.” (Frisch and Karnes, 111) Unfortunately for the signers, this declaration has already been leaked and parodied in the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.
Die Pariserin op.238, a polka française by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in Ungers Casino.
7 May 1860 Rita, ou Le mari battu, an opéra comique by Gaetano Donizetti (†12) to words of Vaëz, is performed for the first time, at the Théatre Favart, Paris.
10 May 1860 The discovery of cesium by Germans Robert Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff is announced to the Berlin Academy of Scientists.
11 May 1860 Garibaldi’s makeshift army lands at Marsala at the westernmost point on Sicily.
12 May 1860 United States troops clash with Paiutes at Pyramid Lake, Nevada. 42 soldiers are killed, 30 are missing.
15 May 1860 Garibaldi’s army defeats Neapolitan royalist forces at Calatafimi, which allows them to advance on Palermo, 50 km to the northeast.
17 May 1860 Princess Caroline Sayn-Wittgenstein and Ladislaw Okraszewski, one of her tenants from Ukraine who negotiated her annulment, depart Weimar for Rome in order to press her case that the suspension of the annulment be lifted.
77 Japanese diplomatic and trade officials arrive in San Francisco. After meetings and celebrations with California leaders, they board ship for Washington.
24 May 1860 The city of Soochow falls to the Taiping.
Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein arrives in Rome from Weimar to have the suspension of the annulment of her marriage by the Bishop of Fulda overturned.
25 May 1860 Arthur Sullivan’s (18) Rosenfest Overture is performed for the first time, in the Leipzig Gewandhaus, conducted by the composer. This is part of the year-end examination at Leipzig Conservatory.
27 May 1860 Garibaldi’s army enters Palermo.
Kibrisli Mehmed Pasha replaces Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha as Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire.
29 May 1860 Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz y Pascual is born in Camprodón, 100 km north of Barcelona and 10 km south of the French border, fourth of four children born to Angel Lucio Albéniz y Gauna, a customs official and published poet, and Dolors Pascual i Bardera, daughter of a soldier.
2 June 1860 In a punitive expedition against Paiutes by Texas Rangers and federal troops, 57 people are killed in a clash at Pinnacle Mount, Nevada.
6 June 1860 Argentina and Buenos Aires are formally reunited.
9 June 1860 Concerto for cello and orchestra op.129 by Robert Schumann (†3) is performed for the first time, in Leipzig one day after what would have been the composer’s 50th birthday.
18 June 1860 A setting of the 23rd Psalm by Franz Liszt (48) is performed for the first time.
25 June 1860 Gustave Charpentier is born in Dieuze, Moselle, 80 km west of Strasbourg, the son of a baker.
27 June 1860 British forces attack Maori at Puketakauere and are soundly defeated.
28 June 1860 A famous debate takes place at Oxford between Samuel Wilberforce, Bishop of Oxford, and biologist Thomas Henry Huxley, on the merits of Origin of Species.
2 July 1860 Russian troops found Vladivostok as a military outpost.
4 July 1860 Nuno José Severo de Mendoça Rolim de Moura Bareto, duque de Loulé, conde de Vale de Reis replaces Joaquim António de Aguiar as Prime Minister of Portugal.
7 July 1860 Gustav Mahler is born in Kalischt, near Iglau, (Kaliste, near Jihlava, Czech Republic), 110 km southeast of Prague in the Royal Province of Bohemia, district of Humpoletz (Humpolec), second of 14 children born to Bernhard Mahler, distiller and owner of several taverns, and Marie Hermann, daughter of a soap maker.
9 July 1860 The Nightingale School of Nursing opens at St. Thomas Hospital in London by Florence Nightingale.
10 July 1860 Bedrich Smetana (36) marries his second wife, Bettina Ferdinandova, the sister of his brother’s wife, in Obríství, just north of Prague.
15 July 1860 Baron von Seebach, Saxon ambassador to France, receives word that Richard Wagner (47) is given free access to Germany, except Saxony.
17 July 1860 Monaco is made a protectorate of France.
20 July 1860 Garibaldist forces defeat the Neapolitans at Milazzo, 25 km west of Messina.
1 August 1860 A combined British-French expeditionary force lands at Pei Tang, China and takes the fort there, abandoned by the Chinese. They soon engage in rape and looting.
2 August 1860 A French expeditionary force, accompanied by British and Russian warships, disembarks in Beirut in response to the massacre of 40,000 Christians in the area by Muslims.
3 August 1860 A trading agreement is signed between Portugal and Japan.
La colombe, an opéra comique by Charles Gounod (42) to words of Barbier and Carré after La Fontaine, is performed for the first time, in the Stadttheater, Baden-Baden.
8 August 1860 200 members of Garibaldi’s forces cross from Faro on Sicily to Altifiumara on the Italian mainland, on the night of 8-9 August.
9 August 1860 Stephen Foster (34) sells all rights to songs published under his previous contract to his publisher, Firth, Pond & Co for $1,600. After paying off his advances, he has $203.36 left.
12 August 1860 British and French troops defeat Chinese north of Tangku behind the town.
Richard Wagner (47) crosses into Germany for the first time in eleven years, on his way from Paris to Baden-Baden.
13 August 1860 Danilo II Petrovic Njegos, Prince of Montenegro, is murdered. He is succeeded by his nephew Nicholas I Petrovic Njegos.
José Ignacio Pavón replaces Félix María Zuloaga Trillo as acting President of Mexico.
14 August 1860 British and French forces take the town of Tangku, near the mouth of the Peh-Ho River.
Louis Pasteur and Emile Duclaux perform an experiment which disproves the theory of spontaneous generation.
15 August 1860 Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo replaces José Ignacio Pavón as President of Mexico.
16 August 1860 France occupies Lebanon.
18 August 1860 Garibaldi and 3,400 of his troops cross from Giardini in Sicily to Melito on the Italian mainland, through the night of 18-19 August.
20 August 1860 British and French land and naval forces push back the Taiping rebels at Shanghai.
1,500 of Garibaldi’s men cross in rowboats from Faro in Sicily to Favazzina on the Italian mainland, through the night of 20-21 August.
21 August 1860 British and French forces capture the Taku forts on the mouth of the Pei ho River, China.
25 August 1860 French and British forces capture Tientsin.
3 September 1860 Alyeksandr Borodin (26) arrives in Karlsruhe for a four-day stay attending an international meeting of chemists.
6 September 1860 5,000 Bavarians, constituting the Royal Neapolitan Army, flee from Naples before an Italian army led by Garibaldi about one-tenth their size.
Friedrich Wilhelm replaces Georg Wilhelm as Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
7 September 1860 Only a few hours after King Francesco II flees to Gaeta, Garibaldi’s troops enter Naples and secure the city.
8 September 1860 Popular uprisings begin in the Papal States.
Il quattro giugno, a cantata by Arrigo Boito (18) and Franco Faccio to words of Boito, is performed for the first time, at Milan Conservatory. It celebrates the Battle of Magenta, at which a friend and classmate of the composer was killed.
9 September 1860 Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein sees Pope Pius IX about her annulment. He agrees to investigate the case.
11 September 1860 Forces of King Vittorio Emanuele enter the Papal States in support of insurrections.
12 September 1860 After attempting to take over a second Central American country, North American adventurer William Walker is shot by a firing squad in Honduras.
14 September 1860 Separated from his mistress, Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein, distressed by the death of his son, troubled by the letter from Brahms (27), Joachim, Grimm, and Scholz printed in the Berlin Echo protesting the new German School, Franz Liszt (48) pens his first will.
17 September 1860 Groups of British and French negotiators are taken captive by the Chinese at T’ungchow. Some are taken to Peking for torture and public humiliation.
18 September 1860 British and French forces capture Chang-chia-wan and plunder the city.
Sardinian forces defeat papal troops at Castelfidaro, essentially ending the army of the Pope.
21 September 1860 British and French troops defeat the Chinese at Palikao.
Arthur Schopenhauer dies in Frankfurt-am-Main at the age of 72.
22 September 1860 The Holy Congregation of Cardinals is convened in Rome to discuss the marriage annulment of Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein. They rule in her favor.
26 September 1860 A combined British-French expeditionary force arrives at Peking.
Mihailo Obrenovic III replaces Milos Obrenovic I as Prince of Serbia.
29 September 1860 Ancona, in the Papal States, surrenders to Sardinian troops.
1 October 1860 Bedrich Smetana (36) reopens his music institute in Göteborg.
Garibaldi’s forces defeat the royal army of Naples at the Volturno.
2 October 1860 Maskenzug-Polka op.240 by Johann Strauss (34) is performed for the first time, in Pavlovsk.
4 October 1860 The French Ivory Coast-Gabon Colony is created.
Schwärmereien op.253, a concert waltz by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in the Dianabad-saal, Vienna.
6 October 1860 British and French troops complete the conquest of Peking. They ransack and plunder the Summer Palace.
8 October 1860 Allied prisoners taken by the Chinese on 17 September are freed.
12 October 1860 A first child is born to Hans von Bülow and Cosima Liszt von Bülow, a daughter, Daniela, in Berlin. The child is named after her mother’s recently deceased brother.
13 October 1860 What are believed to be the first extant aerial photographs are taken by James Wallace Black from a balloon operated by Samuel Archer King 350 meters over Boston Common.
14 October 1860 After burning down in January 1859, the permanent home of the Russian Opera reopens in St. Petersburg and is named the Mariinsky Theatre.
Fantasieblümchen op.241, a polka mazur by Johann Strauss (34), is performed for the first time, in Pavlovsk.
16 October 1860 Count Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev, a Russian diplomat, persuades the government of Peking to surrender to a combined British and French force besieging it.
18 October 1860 The British set the Summer Palace near Peking, and its 200 buildings, on fire.
20 October 1860 The October Diploma is signed (published 24 October). It claims as the basic law of the Austrian Empire, the unrestricted authority of the monarch. Miklos Baron Vay de Vaja et Luskod is named Chancellor of Hungary.
String Sextet no.1 by Johannes Brahms (27) is performed for the first time, in the Saal des Museums, Hannover.
21 October 1860 A plebiscite in Naples favors union with Sardinia.
22 October 1860 On his 49th birthday, the city of Weimar makes Franz Liszt an honorary citizen and gives him a torchlight parade.
Bernhard Mahler moves his family, consisting of his wife Marie and infant son Gustav (0), from Kalischt (Kaliste), Bohemia to Iglau (Jihlava), Moravia.
23 October 1860 Louis Moreau Gottschalk (31) conducts an opera for the first time, Les Martyrs of Gaetano Donizetti (†12), in the Teatro Principal, Havana. Reviewers call the performance “abysmal” although not blaming Gottschalk.
24 October 1860 With British and French forces occupying the city, the Chinese government signs the Convention of Peking ending the Second Opium War. China agrees to all concessions in the Treaty of Tientsin of 1858, legalizes the opium trade, gives part of Kowloon to Great Britain, opens Tientsin to trade, grants full rights to Christians, allow emigration and agrees to pay quadruple the indemnity called for in the Treaty of Tientsin.
A plebiscite in Sicily favors union with Sardinia.
25 October 1860 Benevento is annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
26 October 1860 Garibaldi meets King Vittorio Emanuele of Sardinia at Teano, north of Naples, and proclaims him to be King of Italy.
Franz Liszt (49) is granted the freedom of the city of Weimar.
4 November 1860 A plebiscite in Umbria favors union with Sardinia.
5 November 1860 A plebiscite in the Legations favors union with Sardinia.
6 November 1860 Voting in the United States ensures the election of former Representative Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party, as president, over Senator Stephen A. Douglas, Vice President John C. Breckinridge, and former Senator John Bell.
7 November 1860 Giuseppe Garibaldi officially hands Southern Italy and Sicily over to King Vittorio Emanuele of Sardinia in a ceremony in Naples.
8 November 1860 Franz Liszt’s (49) orchestral work, Künstlerfestzug zur Schillerfeier 1859, is performed for the first time, in Weimar.
9 November 1860 Garibaldi and two close friends leave Naples for his home in Caprera and intended obscurity. In spite of his many successes, he is bitter over his failure to add Rome to the Kingdom of Italy.
14 November 1860 Russia annexes the Maritime (Primorsky) province from China.
21 November 1860 Adolf I Georg replaces Georg I Wilhelm as Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe.
26 November 1860 Le papillon, a ballet by Jacques Offenbach (41) to a scenario by Taglioni and Saint-Georges, is performed for the first time, at the Paris Opéra. Some see it as a desecration of the Opéra but the audience loves it.
1 December 1860 All the Year Round publishes the first installment of Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.
7 December 1860 The Duchy of Pontecorvo is annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia.
8 December 1860 United States Secretary of the Treasury Howell Cobb of Georgia resigns, stating that the election of Abraham Lincoln justifies secession.
12 December 1860 Secretary of State Lewis Cass of Michigan resigns because President Buchanan refuses to reinforce the forts in Charleston harbor.
13 December 1860 Károly Baron Mecséry replaces Miklos Baron Vay de Vaja et Luskod as Chancellor of Hungary.
16 December 1860 Music from Stanislaw Moniuszko’s (41) incomplete opera Rokiczana is performed for the first time, in a concert setting in Warsaw.
17 December 1860 The Kingdom of Sardinia formally annexes the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
18 December 1860 Edward Alexander MacDowell is born in New York City, the son of Thomas MacDowell and Frances Knapp.
20 December 1860 The legislature of South Carolina votes to secede from the United States.
22 December 1860 The Holy Congregation of Cardinals meets for a second time to consider the annulment for Princess Carolyne Sayn-Wittgenstein. For a second time, they rule in her favor.
Mexican factions battle at San Miguel Calpulalpan, 65 km northeast of Mexico City, in the final victory of liberals over conservatives.
24 December 1860 Barkouf, an opéra-bouffe by Jacques Offenbach (41) to words of Scribe and Boisseaux, is performed for the first time, at the Opéra-Comique, Paris.
28 December 1860 Félix María Zuloaga Trillo replaces Miguel Gregorio de la Luz Atenógenes Miramón y Tarelo as President of Mexico.
30 December 1860 South Carolina troops occupy the federal arsenal and all federal property in Charleston except Fort Sumter.
©2004-2012 Paul Scharfenberger
11 July 2012
Last Updated (Wednesday, 11 July 2012 05:09)